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Scientists Warn Common Medications May Be Linked to Dementia


 
There is some bad news for those who use a type of acid reflux drugs, particularly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), according to new research. These new findings suggest that long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the risk of developing dementia by as much as 33%. Millions across the globe depend on these medications for relief, but experts warn against ignoring the potential risks of the drug. The American research team, however, stated that the study only indicates an association, not absolute proof. The medication has been linked to risks of strokes and kidney disease. Evidence of their research and its links to other diseases adds to growing concerns about extended use of these drugs.

Understanding Acid Reflux and Its Treatment


Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This typically happens after eating or while lying down. The condition often causes heartburn and, in severe cases, can cause ulcers in the esophagus and stomach. Chronic reflux can develop into gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD affects nearly 20% of all Americans, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). In the UK, over 40% of the population report experiencing consistent heartburn. If untreated, GERD increases the risk of esophageal cancer and other serious complications.

Proton Pump Inhibitors Explained


PPIs, such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole, are among the most prescribed drugs for acid reflux in the world. They work by blocking enzymes in the stomach lining that produce acid. The reduction in acid protects the esophagus and stomach lining, easing discomfort from reflux and promoting healing of ulcers. Because of their effectiveness, many people take PPIs regularly. According to this new research, long-term usage of PPIs could potentially have serious consequences, raising questions about their long-term safety.

Known Health Risks of PPIs

PPIs known side effects and health risks are thoroughly discussed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has previously warned of the side effects of prolonged use of PPIs. Studies have linked extended PPI use to higher risks of kidney disease, bone fractures, and certain infections, such as Clostridium difficile. A 2019 study published in the journal BMJ reported that long-term PPI users had a greater risk of premature death compared with non-users. While these drugs remain a lifesaver for many patients, their risks require serious consideration.

Details of the New Research

The latest research findings were published in the journal Neurology by a team from the University of Minnesota. Their goal was to examine whether long-term PPI use is linked to increased dementia risk. Importantly, the researchers emphasized that the study shows an association, not a direct correlation. This distinction matters because people who use PPIs long-term may also have other underlying conditions that may contribute to cognitive decline. 

Expert Opinions from Neurologists

Study author Professor Kamakshi Lakshminarayan described PPIs as a useful but potentially problematic medication. She noted: “Proton pump inhibitors are a useful tool to help control acid reflux. However, long-term use has been linked in previous studies to a higher risk of stroke, bone fractures, and chronic kidney disease.” Experts emphasize that these findings should not spark panic but consult with medical experts to weigh risks against the benefits. In particular, patients with no alternative options should consult their doctors before making changes.

Study Participants and Findings

The study analyzed health data from more than 5,700 individuals aged 45 and older. None of the individuals had dementia at the start of the study. The average participant age was 75 years, a demographic already at higher risk for cognitive decline. Participants were tracked for an average of 5.5 years. During this time, researchers carefully recorded medication use and health status during visits and yearly phone interviews. 

Dementia Risk and Long-Term Use

Results revealed a notable difference in dementia cases. Researchers sorted participants into 4 groups in the study. One group did not take PPIs while another group used PPIs for up to 2.8 years. A third group used PPIs for 2.8 to 4.4 years and the final group used PPIs for more than 4.4 years. Among participants who never used PPIs, 19 out of every 1,000 person-years developed dementia. 

In contrast, those who took PPIs for more than 4.4 years developed dementia at a rate of 24 per 1,000 person-years. After controlling for factors like age, sex, race, high blood pressure, and diabetes, researchers concluded long-term PPI users had a 33% higher dementia risk. Short-term use, however, did not show such an association.

Safer Alternatives and Preventive Measures

Experts emphasize that patients should not abruptly stop PPIs without medical guidance, as sudden discontinuation may worsen symptoms. Still, there are alternatives and lifestyle changes that can reduce dependence on PPIs. Simple measures to control acid reflux and heartburn include losing excess weight and avoiding late-night meals. 

Limiting alcohol and caffeine will help reduce symptoms of heartburn and acid reflux. Elevate the head of the bed during sleep for added relief. Over-the-counter antacids may help mild cases. For patients at risk of dementia, discussing treatment options with healthcare providers is essential for balancing safety with symptom control.

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